Application Layer

← Back to OSI and TCP-IP Model

The highest layer where network applications and protocols operate. Includes HTTP (web), DNS (name resolution), SMTP (email), FTP (file transfer), SSH (secure shell), and TLS (encryption). Each protocol defines the format and rules for application-level communication.

Key Properties

• HTTP Protocol
• DNS Protocol
• TLS Encryption

Related

• Transport Layer (application protocols run over TCP or UDP)
• HTTP (the most important application protocol for web engineers)

---

networking application-layer