Spanner Paper (2012)

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“Spanner: Google’s Globally-Distributed Database” (2012) — Corbett et al.

Introduced the first globally distributed database with strong external consistency using TrueTime (atomic clocks + GPS). Key contributions: TrueTime API for globally meaningful timestamps, Paxos-based replication, and SQL semantics at global scale. Inspired CockroachDB and YugabyteDB. Became Cloud Spanner on GCP.


google-internal papers spanner #2012