Strong Consistency

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Also called linearizability — reads always return the most recent write. The system behaves as if there is a single copy of the data. Requires coordination between replicas (quorum writes/reads or consensus), increasing latency. Used when correctness is critical (financial transactions, locks).

Key Properties

• Linearizability
• Quorum Operations
• Coordination Cost

Related

• Sequential Consistency (slightly weaker — same order, not necessarily real-time)
• Eventual Consistency (opposite end of the spectrum)

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distributed-systems consistency